In die geskiedenis strek die Wortley naam in Yorkshire, Engeland (waar
hulle ‘n familiesetel beklee het), terug tot in antieke tye, van voor tot na
die vlaag van verhuising wat gevolg het op die Normandiese Oorwinning van
Engeland in 1066. Die dorp en familie se
geskiedenis loop hand aan hand met die van Yorkshire.
The County of York, commonly
Yorkshire, is by far the largest County in England; and is reckon’d, as to Fruitfulness, a mixt
kind of soil. If in one place it be of a
stony, sandy, barren nature, in another it is pregnant and fruitful; and so if
it be naked and expos’d in one part, we find it cloath’d and shelter’d with
great store of wood in another; Nature using an allay and mixture, that the entire
County, by this variety in the parts, might appear more pleasing and beautiful.
Towards the west, it is bounded by those hills already mention’d, and by
Lancashire, and Westmorland. Towards the north, it borders upon the County of
Durham, which is separated from it throughout by the river Tees. On the east,
it bounds upon the German Ocean. The south-side is enclos’d, first with
Cheshire and Derbyshire, then with Nottinghamshire, and lastly with
Lincolnshire, where that noble æstuary the HumberHumber. breaks-in; the common
rendezvouz for the greatest part of the rivers hereabouts. (Camden,
William: Britannia. 845)
(Overtown miscellany http://overtown.org.uk/wakefield/about-wakefield.html)
Na afloop van die Ystydperk
Na afloop van die ysige toestande van die laaste ystydperk 700 BC - AD 43, van ten minste 12000
jaar gelede, het die gebied van Suid-Yorkshire, Engeland, geleidelik bedek geraak
met bome, gras en struike. Hierdie proses was waarskynlik voltooi teen
ongeveer 7000 vC, en het die platteland vervorm in ‘n oeroue woud. Oak (Eike), berk, holly (hulsbome) en
taxus was tipiese bome en bosse wat gevind
is in hierdie gebied. Wolwe was inheems
en algemeen. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of
the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the
Modern Period.)
Klipgereedskap, grotte en kampeerplekke, dui daarop dat mense van die
Paleolitiese tydperk, 650000 –
9500 BC (die Ou-Steentydperk wat plaasgevind het in die interglaciale periodes
tussen die ystydperke), die Mesolitiese tydperk, 8500 – 4000 BC (die Middel-Steentydperk wat plaasgevind het onmiddellik ná die laaste
ystydperk) en die Neolitiese tydperk, 4000 – 2400 BC (die Nuwe Steentydperk wat tot vaste nedersettings en plase gelei
het) in Suid-Yorkshire verteenwoordig was. Die Bronstydperk, 2400 – 700 BC, het Suid-Yorkshire waarskynlik bereik teen 1650 vC en
is opgevolg deur die Ystertydperk van ongeveer 700 vC. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of
the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the
Modern Period.)
Die vroegste mense in hierdie gebiede was die Brigantes, 'n Keltiese
stam wat Suid met die Donrivier gegrens het aan die Coritani. These were not only
warrior people but also skilled craftsmen and traders. Gone were the hunter gatherers’ of the Stone
and Bronza Ages. These people now farmed
the land and kept livestock for subsistence and made pottery and metalword. (Heath,
Chris: Denby & District – from
pre-history to the present, Warncliffe, 2001.
P. 13) The Celtic tribe of the Coritani were, like
their Brigantes neighbours to the north, a collection of smaller tribes, mostly
agricultural. (Celtic Kingdoms of the British Isles
http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainCoritani.htm ) Die riviere van Suid-Yorkshire het blykbaar
hul name te danke aan hierdie Kelte. (Newton,
Richard: Wortley through the ages. The
History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall
from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)
Romano-British AD 43 – 410.
Eers teen ongeveer 54 nC het voetsoldate en perderuiters uit die vierde
groep van Galliërs (Fourth Cohort of
Gauls), 'n hulp-eenheid van die Romeinse weermag, by die grensstreek van die
huidige Suid-Yorkshire aangekom. Hierdie
soldate het die eerste fort by Temple-borough
gebou om die Keltiese fort oorkant die Donrivier op Wincobank Hill dop te hou. Dit
was die begin van die Romeinse era in die Suid-Yorkshire streek. In die Romeinse tyd het die Suid-Yorkshire
gebied as Maxima Caesariensis bekend
gestaan. Daar is nie sekerheid oor die
hoeveelheid grond wat deur die Kelte en Romeine ontbos is nie, maar dit wil
voorkom of dit nie baie was nie. Daar is
wel oorblyfsels van ‘n Romeinse nedersetting by Wortley ontdek. (Newton,
Richard: Wortley through the ages. The
History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall
from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period)
When Roman rule entered
into England, they added a senatorial and patrician aristocracy. Because this
form of rule helped enhance the already existing hereditary society, the
nobility gained more honorific powers but defined many of the old money
families that would encounter problems later once new money families begin
arriving. However, since roman rule allowed commoners the chance to gain a seat
in government, imperial grants were given out to commoners widening the amount
of people in English government. Once the Romans retreated, this form of
government fell as did a nobility being formed purely on blood lines. It
eventually faded away as the ruling classes failed to produce enough male heirs
so families went extinct or were merged by marriage and forming dynastie. After the Roman rule in England vanished, the
Saxons were able to conquer
some lands including
the area where the Wortley’s would later lay claim. (http://dspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/17153/Worthley,%20Nicole.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y)
Toe die Romeine Brittanje aan die begin van die 5de eeu (410 AD) verlaat
het, het South Yorkshire in 'n groot mate tot ‘n Keltiese koninkryk, bekend as Elmet teruggekeer, wat tot in die 7de eeu voortbestaan het. (Newton, Richard:
Wortley through the ages. The History of
the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the
End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.) Great internal Kingdoms grew such as Mercia, Wessex, East Anglia, Kent and Northumbria. There was much warfare as petty kings struggled for supremacy. (Heath, Chris: Denby & District – from pre-history to the present, Warncliffe, 2001. P. 19-20)
Elmet was een van die klein onafhanklike koninkryke. Embracing the present West Riding of Yorkshire, the region, at the
height of its powers, is believed to have extended from the headwaters of the
Humber, across to the Pennine foothills in the west, with its southern border
reaching to the banks of the River Sheaf and the River Don. (Cox, Tony:
The Barwicker No. 39. Post-Roman
Britain. The Ancient Kingdom of Elmet.
(http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/
(http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/
FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm)
They (die Romeine) left behind them a country of cultural and architectural wealth and a road system. In the late fourth and early fift centuries, the Germanic tribes began to arrive. These mercenaries were settled in the southeast. Gradually more tribes arrived, Jules, Angles and Saxons, who began to settle and then conquer. (Heath, Chris: Denby & District – from pre-history to the present, Warncliffe, 2001. P. 18-19)
They (die Romeine) left behind them a country of cultural and architectural wealth and a road system. In the late fourth and early fift centuries, the Germanic tribes began to arrive. These mercenaries were settled in the southeast. Gradually more tribes arrived, Jules, Angles and Saxons, who began to settle and then conquer. (Heath, Chris: Denby & District – from pre-history to the present, Warncliffe, 2001. P. 18-19)
Hierna was die gebied deur die Sakse, wat heel moontlik Angles was, oorgeneem. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.) Die Saxons was ‘n statebond van Germaanse stamme op die Noord-Duitse vlaktes. (Wikipedia)
Die Saksiese (Saxon) Periode. Saxon AD 410 – 1066.
Vroeë Anglo-Saksiese periode 410-660
Migrasie c.410-c.560
Vanaf die tweede helfte van die 4de eeu het Saksiese stropers aanvalle
op die ooskus van Yorkshire geloots, en het hulle die binneland ingedring via
bevaarbare riviere soos die Ooze. (Newton,
Richard: Wortley through the ages. The
History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall
from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)
The Anglo-Saxon
Chronicles het baie gevegte tussen die Britte en die Sakse beskryf. Uit die Peterborough Manuscript van die jaar 519:
Here Cerdic and Cynric (Kings of the West
Saxons) fought against the Britons at a place which is called Cerdic’s Ford. En
uit die Winchester manuscript van die jaar 552: Here Cynric (a Saxon King)
fought against the Britons at the place which is named Salisbury, and
put the Britons to flight. Dit is
net twee van die talle voorbeelde van die stryd tussen die Sakse en die Britte.
Waar Anglo-Saksiese nedersettings, in die Ooste en die Midlands, die
digste was, was tot negentig persent van die inheemse manlike bevolking na die
weste verdryf of vermoor deur die indringers, en hul vroue, dorpe en plase oorgeneem. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of
the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the
Modern Period.)
Ontwikkeling van 'n Anglo-Saksiese samelewing 560–610 en die conversion tot die Christendom. 590-660.
Teen die 7de eeu het Saksiese nedersettings in die Suid-Yorkshire gebied
begin. Die Sakse het met ywer beboste grond vir landboudoeleindes skoongemaak.
Teen die tyd van Koning Edward the
Confessor, (1043-1066) was die woud vol dorpe en nedersettings. Dit is vermoedelik 'n persoon of familie wat oorspronklik
die grondslag vir die dorpe en nedersettings gelê het. Op 'n later datum het die hoof van die
families, wat nou die Saksiese Lord of
the Manor was, 'n gedeelte van die steeds beboste gebied rondom sy herehuis
opgeeis. Die beheer oor die woud rondom
die manors het die aantal dorpe in Suid-Yorkshire bepaal. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of
the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the
Modern Period.)
In ongeveer 636 is Engeland in gemeentes opgedeel deur Honorius, die
vyfde archbishop of Canterbury. (Jackson, Rowland: The town and township of Barnsley in
Yorkshire from an early period. London
1858.)
Die oorsprong van die Wortley as pleknaam.
Wortley
as pleknaam kom op drie verskillende plekke in Engeland voor. Een in die county of Gloucester in South West England en twee in Yorkshire
in Northern England. (1) Wortley, a tything, in the parish of
Wottonunder-Edge, union of Dursley, Upper division of the hundred of Berkeley,
W. division of the county of Gloucester.
(Lewis, Samuel, ed.: Worplesdon -
Wortwell', in A Topographical Dictionary of England, (London, 1848), pp.
687-692)
(2) Wortley in Leeds, Wes
Yorkshire se naam was afgelei van die Ou Engelse WEORC wat beteken “the dweller near a fortification”. Hierdie Wortley, ook New Wortley genoem is
voorstedelike aan Leeds en aangrensend aan Holbeck. Wortley,
in the parish of Leeds, Morley-division of the wapentake of Aghbrigg and
Morley, libety of the Honour of Pontefract; 3 miles from Leeds, 8 from Bradford.
(Langdale, Thomas: A Topographical
dictionary of Yorkshire: Containing the
names of all the towns, villages, hamlets, gentlemen;s seats &c. in the
county of York, 1809, Northallerton)
WORTLEY, Leeds.
KC 1189 Wirkeleia KI
1285 Wirkelay
CC 1200 Wirkelaia KF
1303 Wirkeley
(Alphabetical list of names P. 307
file:///C:/Users/wortleyh/Downloads/placenamesofsout00goodrich_Part15.pdf)
This place, in the Domesday
survey styled Wyrteley. The chapelry comprises an area which, with the
exception of a few fields of arable land, and about 4 acres of plantation, is
divided in nearly equal portions into meadow and pasture; the soil is fertile,
and the commons have been recently inclosed. A stratum of fine clay is found,
of which the best fire-bricks are made. The old villages of Upper and
LowerWortley, with some scattered hamlets, form a semicircular range of
buildings at the base and on the acclivities of an eminence commanding a view
of Leeds and the adjacent country. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in the
manufacture of woollen-cloths, which is carried on to a great extent. (Lewis, Samuel, ed.: The Leeds and Bradford canal bounds the
chapelry on the north. 'Worplesdon - Wortwell', in A Topographical Dictionary
of England, (London, 1848), pp. 687-692)
(3) Wortley in South Yorkshire (Koordinate:
53°29′00″N
1°32′00″W
/ 53.4833°N 1.5333°W) kry sy naam van die Ou Engelse WYRT and LEAH, wat the
dweller by vegetable clearing beteken. Die dorp is 6 myl suidwes van Barnsley teen
‘n hoogte geleë.
Richard Newton gee die betekenis van hierdie Wortley aan as a clearing for growing vegetables. Die
dorp se naam word in die plaaslike dialek as 'Wurtley weergegee. 'Wurt' is 'n Saksiese mansnaam wat "waardig" beteken, terwyl 'ley' 'n
Saksiese woord is, wat “'n gebied van
die woud wat skoongemaak is vir landbou”, beteken. Die grond rondom die dorp van Wortley was
moontlik bekend as die Ou Engelse Wurt’s Ley. Die area was skoongemaak van bome en struike
(of oorgeneem as dit reeds skoongemaak was) vir landboudoeleindes deur 'n klein groepie Sakse
onder die leierskap van 'n man met die naam Wurt. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of
the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the
Modern Period.) Volgens David Mills (ed.)
se A Dictionary of British Place-names
word die betekenis aangegee as woodland clearing used for growing
vegetables. OE: wyrt + leah. (P. 511)
Die name Wirtleie, Wirlei, en Wrleia was verskillende spellings vir die
dorp Wortley in dieselfde Domesday inskrywing. Dit is moontlik dat drie verskillende
mense verskillende aspekte van die
herehuis aangeteken het en dat dit daarna aan een persoon oorhandig is om die
inskrywing in die Domes Day book te
maak. Aangesien hy nie geweet het watter
die korrekte spelling was nie, het hy al drie aangeteken soos dit vir hom gegee
is. Die Wortley naam het ‘n lang proses van
evolusie deurgegaan. (Newton, Richard:
Wortley through the ages. The History of
the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the
End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)
WORTLEY, Sheffield.
DB 1086 Wirtleie, Wirlei NV 1316 Wortelai
YS 1297 Wortelay PT 1379 Wortelay
(Alphabetical list of names P. 307
file:///C:/Users/wortleyh/Downloads/placenamesofsout00goodrich_Part15.pdf)
In 1877 het Alfred Gatty die betekenis van Wortley aangegee as: The field of herbs afgelei uit
Anglo-Saxon, wat volgens hom ‘n gepaste beskrywing vir die wilde
plantegroei van hierdie bergagtige en klipperige distrik was. (Gatty,
Alfred, rev., D.D. vicar of Ecclesfield,
and sub, dean of York: Wortley & the
Wortleys - a lecture delivered before the Sheffield literary and philosophical
society also the Rotherham literary and scientific society, 1877, Sheffield).
Middel Anglo-Saksiese periode 660-899
Suid-Yorkshire was deel van die Saksiese koninkryk van Northumbria, in
die gebied genaamd Deria. 'n Lyn wat
deur die dorp Dore geloop het, het die suidelike grens van Northumbria gevorm. Dore was‘n Ou Engelse woord vir deur, d.w.s. 'n plek op 'n grens wat toegang gee tot
Northumbria. (Newton, Richard: Wortley
through the ages. The History of the
Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of
the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)
Die Winchester Manuscript of the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles vertel van die konings van Northumbria uit die jaar 547. Here Ida, from whom originated the royal
family of the Northumbrians, succeeded to the kingdom and ruled for 12 years.
And he built Bamburgh. En in die jaar
716. Here Osred, King of Northumbria was
killed; he had the kingdom for 7 years after Aldfrith. Then Coenred succeeded
to the kingdom, and held it 2 years; then Osric, and he held it 11 years. Die Peterborough
Manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles uit die jaar 827 vertel van 'n
magtige koning, koning Egbert, wat die hele Engeland aan die suidekant van die
Humber verower het en teen wie die Northumbrians besluit het, om nie te veg
nie. Dit was hierdie Egbert wat 'n leër na
Dore (Suidwes van Sheffield) gelei het om teen die Northumbrians te veg. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of
the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the
Modern Period.) Links: King Egbert (802 - 839 )
Binne 'n dekade na die aankoms van die Vikings se groot weermag in die jaar 865 was alles noord en oos van Watling Street deur die Vikings verower. Watling Street was 'n Romeinse pad wat noordwes vanaf Londen deur St. Albans na Wroxeter aan die Severnrivier, naby Shrewsbury geloop het. Northumbria het in 867 nC geval. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)
Net toe dit lyk asof die hele Anglo-Saksiese Engeland oorweldig was deur
die Vikings, het die Sakse onder leierskap van Alfred, 'n reeks nederlae aan die
Vikings toegedien. Volgens die Danelaw
ooreenkoms tussen die Saksiese koning, Alfred die Grote (871-899) en die Deense
Viking hoof Guthrum in 886 nC, na Alfred se oorwinning by Edington, het rofweg
alle gebiede noord van die ou Romeinse pad van Watling Street, deel geword van die
Viking Danelaw gebied. Suid-Yorkshire
was onder Deense Viking heerskappy totdat Edward
the Confessor, met Deense ondersteunig, koning geword het in 1042 AD. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of
the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the
Modern Period.) Broadly speaking
Anglo-Saxon in the West and South.
Danish in the North and East, this Danish area later developed the title
the Danelaw. (Heath, Chris: Denby & District – from pre-history to
the present, Warncliffe, 2001. P. 20) Die opdeel van die land
in counties, is voorgestel en
uitgevoer op bevel van Alfred. (Jackson,
Rowland: The town and township of
Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period, London 1858.)
Suid Yorkshire onder die Danelaw.
In die 9de eeu het 'n verdere golf van kolonisasie, in die vorm van die
Deense Vikings, in Suid-Yorkshire begin. The word Viking means sea-raider or sea-pirate
and does not differentiate between Norse and Danish cultures. (Heath, Chris: Denby & District – from pre-history to
the present, Warncliffe, 2001. P. 20) Hul
teenwoordigheid word bewys deur plekname wat eindig op -by ('n plaas, nedersetting
of dorpie), -Thorpe ('n subvestiging van 'n hoof nedersetting) of -thwaite (skoonmaak
van woude). (Newton, Richard: Wortley
through the ages. The History of the
Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of
the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)
Die strooptogte van die Viking weermag, wat gedurende die 9de eeu met
gereelde tussenposes die Britse Eilande aangeval het, was eers uitgerig deur
klein private weermagte. Aan die begin
was hulle meer geïnteresseerd in plunder, slawe neem en Danegeld, (groot betalings in silwer as afkoopgeld vir vrede), as wat hulle in vestiging was. Maar die idee van verowering het gou posgevat
onder die Viking konings en hoofmanne. Hierna het die Nordiese konings groot,
georganiseerde weermagte na Engeland gestuur. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of
the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the
Modern Period.) At first they came for plunder and glory but these raids became more significant from the 830s and culminated in their conquest of much of the country during the decade, 865-875 AD. One by the great English kingdoms fell.
Only Wessex remained unconquered, resisting Viking attacks and paying
Danegeld to buy peace from time to time.
(Heath, Chris: Denby &
District – from pre-history to the present, Warncliffe, 2001. P. 20)
Binne 'n dekade na die aankoms van die Vikings se groot weermag in die jaar 865 was alles noord en oos van Watling Street deur die Vikings verower. Watling Street was 'n Romeinse pad wat noordwes vanaf Londen deur St. Albans na Wroxeter aan die Severnrivier, naby Shrewsbury geloop het. Northumbria het in 867 nC geval. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)
Die Vikings wat setlaars geword het, het die ondersteuning van die
inheemse bevolking nodig gehad om hul eerste winter in die buiteland te
oorleef. Die Viking weermagte kon kos afpers van die Saksiese Lord of
the Manor deur beskerming aan hom te bied. Dit het geforseerde verbroedering met die
Deense oorwinnaars tot gevolg gehad. Die
Deense oorwinnaars het toegelaat dat die Saksiese dorpenaars en selfs die
Saksiese Lord of the Manor oorleef en daar was ‘n verandering in lojaliteit
teenoor die Deense hoofmanne wat nou geheers het. Die feit dat ‘n Saksiese nedersettings soos
Wortley nie deur die Viking oorwinnaars herdoop is met ‘n Nordiese pleknaam
nie, dui aan dat die sosiale status quo op
die vlak van die herehuis oorleef het.
Die Dene het ook nuwe terreine vir nedersettings ontwikkel. In 876 het die Viking leier die landerye van
Northumbria onder sy soldate verdeel. So het die Deense kolonisasie van
Engeland begin. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of
the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the
Modern Period.)
The country remained split,
and systems of law and government developed along cultural lines. (Heath, Chris:
Denby & District – from pre-history to the present, Warncliffe,
2001. P.
20) Die Dene het die ou administratiewe stelsel geimplimenteer. Yorkshire is verdeel in drie Ridings,
elk met die volle administratiewe status van 'n distrik. Riding is 'n Deense woord wat 'n derde
beteken. North Riding (Noord-Yorkshire, Cleveland en Durham), die East-Riding (Humberside en
Noord-Yorkshire), die West Riding
(Greater Manchester, South Yorkshire en Wes Yorkshire en hawens van vier
provinsies: Noord-Yorkshire, Cumbria, Lancashire, en Humberside) en die Stad
(en distrik) van York, waar die drie Ridings bymekaarkom. Alhoewel daar 'n High
Sheriff vir die land was, was die Ridings aparte administratiewe eenhede. The
whole County is divided into three parts, denominated from three several
quarters of the world, West-Riding, East-Riding, and North-Riding. And this
Division by Ridings, , which consisted of several Hundreds or Wapentakes. West-Riding. or the West-part, is for some
space bounded by the river Ouse (first called Ure and Your), by Lancashire, and
by the southern limits of the County, and lies towards the south and west. East-Riding or the east-part of the County,
lies towards the east, and towards the Ocean, which, together with the river
Derwent, encloses it. North-Riding or
the north-part, fronts the north, and is in a manner surrounded by the rivers
Tees and Derwent, and by the long course of the river Ouse. From the Western mountains, or those that
border on the west part of the County, many rivers break forth; which are,
every one, at last receiv’d by the Ouse, and so in one chanel flow into the
Humber. And I do not see any better
method in describing this part, than to follow the course of the Dane, Calder,
Are, Wherfe, Nid, and Ouse, which issue out of these mountains, and are not
only the most considerable rivers, but flow by the most considerable places.
(Camden, William: Britannia. 845)
(Overtown miscellany http://overtown.org.uk/wakefield/about-wakefield.html)
Suid-Yorkshire was deel van die Wes Riding of Yorkshire. Die Suid-Yorkshire gebied is in wapentakes verdeel. (Met 'n wapentake het
die Viking krygers bymekaar gekom om kwessies te bespreek en oor hierdie
kwessies te stem deur hul wapens in die lug te hou, sodat ‘n telling geneem kan
word). Die herehuis van Wortley en die noordelike helfte van die huidige
Suid-Yorkshire lê in die Staincross Wapentake. Die krygers het by Staincross, net noord van
Barnsley ontmoet. Die res van die
Suid-Yorkshire gebied was in die Stafford Wapentake wat by die Stafford Sands
naby Mexborough ontmoet het. (Die
Stafford is 'n ford aan die Donrivier by Mexborough.) (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of
the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the
Modern Period.)
1.Ewcross
2.Staincliffe – West Division
3.Staincliffe – East Division
4.Claro – Lower Division
5.Strafforth and Tickhill – Lower Division
6.Morley
7.Skyrack – Upper Division
8.Claro – Upper Division
9.Skyrack – Lower Division
10.Barkston Ash
11.Agbrigg
12.Staincross
13.Osgoldcross
14.Strafforth and Tickhill – Upper Division (Wikipedia)
Laat Anglo-Saksiese periode 899-1066
Die oorsprong van die lordship of
manors het in die Anglo-Saksiese stelsel van manorialism ontstaan. Die afstammelinge
van die oorspronklike Saksiese of Viking hoofmanne, het omring geraak deur
afhanklikes op klein stukkies grond wat aan die hoofmanne behoort het. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of
the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the
Modern Period.)
Lord Denning, beskryf die manor as volg: The
manor was the nucleus of English rural life. It was an administrative unit of
an extensive area of land. The whole of it was owned originally by the lord of
the manor. He lived in the big house called the manor house. Attached to it
were many acres of grassland and woodlands called the park. These were the
“demesne lands” which were for the personal use of the lord of the manor.
Dotted all round were the enclosed homes and land occupied by the “tenants of
the manor”. (In Corpus Christi College Oxford v Gloucestershire County
Council (1983) QB 360)
Die Manor was ‘n
selfonderhoudende eenheid. Dit het
bestaan uit die Manor house, ‘n kapel
en pastorie, meul, landerye, weiding, woud en die kleinboere se hutte. Beeste vir vleis en melk en skape vir wol is
aangehou en graan en groente is verbou.
Daar was twee groepe bywoners, die Serf of lyfeienis en die Peasant of kleinboer. Die Serf was as eiendom beskou en kon nie die
manor sonder toestemming verlaat nie.
Die kleinboere was vry en kon kom en gaan soos wat hulle wou. Hulle het baie hard gewerk en hoë belastings betaal. The peasants who worked on the manor paid the lord
of the manor certain dues in return for the use of his land. The land was split up into a large number of
small strips (usually about half an acre each). Peasants also had rights to use
the common land and was allowed to take wood from the forest for fuel and
building purposes. A peasant's holding, which also included a house in the
village, thus formed a self-sufficient unit.
All aspects of life were centered on the lord’s manor including the
village, church, farm land and mill. (lordsandladies.org/manorialism) Manorialism
is die stelsel waarmee die Lord of the
Manor die slawe en huurders wat sy landgoed
gewerk het, uitgebuit het. Die stelsel van manorialism het aan die lord of the manor ekonomiese en wetlike mag oor sy huurders gegee.
Teen die einde van die Anglo-Saksiese era was die dorp Wortley as 'n Anglo-Saksiese Manor, deur woude geskei van die omliggende manors, soos Tankersley en Pilley. Suid Yorkshire was bedek met 'n inheemse woud, maar dit was nie so dig dat skape en beeste nie daar kon wei nie. Eilandjies, wat wissel in omtrek van 200 tot 2000 hektaar, is skoongemaak in verskeie dele van die woud, waarop ’n paar landbouers, hul families en werkers gevestig was. Hulle het geboer onder die toesighouding van ‘n lord. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)
Teen die einde van die Anglo-Saksiese era was die dorp Wortley as 'n Anglo-Saksiese Manor, deur woude geskei van die omliggende manors, soos Tankersley en Pilley. Suid Yorkshire was bedek met 'n inheemse woud, maar dit was nie so dig dat skape en beeste nie daar kon wei nie. Eilandjies, wat wissel in omtrek van 200 tot 2000 hektaar, is skoongemaak in verskeie dele van die woud, waarop ’n paar landbouers, hul families en werkers gevestig was. Hulle het geboer onder die toesighouding van ‘n lord. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)
Om die verspreide Anglo-Saksiese dorpe onder 'n vorm van sentrale beheer
te bring (en te belas) is 'n beampte, deur die families wat hierdie dorpe
bewoon het, verkies. Hy het bekend gestaan as Bros-houer, Head-borough
of Tithing-man. Later het hierdie verkose amptenaar bekend gestaan
as Constabel. Ten minste tien
families was benodig om ‘n Constable
te kies. Daarom moes kleiner dorpe by mekaar aansluit
om dit te doen. Tien van hierdie dorpe van tien families is dan saamgevoeg om
'n Hondred te vorm. Oor hierdie Hondred was daar 'n senior
beampte wat ‘n Hundreder genoem was.
Hy het in die Hondred Hof, geskille
tussen die kleiner grondeienaars aangehoor.
(Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of
the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the
Modern Period.)
Groot gemeentes is gevorm in die laat
Anglo-Skandinawiese tydperk, na aanleiding van die vestiging van die
Christendom in die streek. Silkstone het
die moederkerk vir feitlik die hele Staincross wapentake geword. (Ashurst,
Denis: Worsbrough: Change and Continuity in the Society, Economy
and Buildings of a South Yorkshire township 1600-1851. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy. Sheffield. 1994. P. 32,33) Die
St. Peter’s Church Tankersley dateer uit die 10de eeu, toe die Sakson Leduin Lord of the Manor was. Leduin, saam met Elric of Pilley en Ulsi of
Wortley het ‘n gemeente gevorm en ‘n kerk gebou. Na die Conquest
is die drie manors aan Robert, Count of Mortain gegee en het dit later
oorgegaan na die de Laci familie. Die
kerk het ook skakelings met Monk Bretton Priory. (Welcome to St Peter’s Church Tankersley. http://www.heritageinspired.org.uk/filedownload/(WEB)%20Tankersley%20St%20Peter.pdf
Met Edward die Confessor (r.1043-1066) se opname van die individuele manors,
was sekere overlords reeds erken.
In die geval van die manors in die Suid-Yorkshire area, was hierdie heersers: Earl
Harold Godwinson, Earl Tosti Godwinson, Earl Edwin en Earl Watheof. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of
the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the
Modern Period.) In the feudal system, the title overlord refers to a particularly
powerful lord, who has power over many people and/or power over other
lords. (Wikipedia)
In die tyd van die Confessor was die oppervlakte van landbougrond op
Wortley weergegee as vyf vierkante carucates. Wortley moes dus uit sowat 600 akker landbougrond
bestaan het. Die grootte van ‘n akker
het verskil, afgehangende van hoe moeilik dit was om die grond te bewerk. Die grootte van ‘n akker is deur die Lord of the manor bepaal. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the
ages. The History of the Long Term
Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice
Age to the Modern Period.)
Farm-derived units of
measurement:
1.The rod is a
historical unit of length equal to 5½ yards. It may have originated from the
typical length of a mediaeval ox-goad.
2.The furlong
(meaning furrow length) was the distance a team of oxen could plough without
resting. This was standardised to be exactly 40 rods.
3. An acre was the
amount of land tillable by one man behind one ox in one day. Traditional acres
were long and narrow due to the difficulty in turning the plough.
4. An oxgang was the
amount of land tillable by one ox in a ploughing season. This could vary from
village to village, but was typically around 15 acres.
5. A virgate was the
amount of land tillable by two oxen in a ploughing season.
6. A carucate was the
amount of land tillable by a team of eight oxen in a ploughing season. This was
equal to 8 oxgangs or 4 virgates (120 acres). (Wikipedia)
Die Anglo-Saksiese era is afgesluit met die sukses van die Norman Conquest toe die vier Anglo Saksiese grawe wat oor Suid
Yorkshire geheers het, vermoor is.
Normandiese Regering. 1066 – 1499.
Die Normandiese Verowering het plaasgevind nadat Engeland in die 11de
eeu deur 'n weermag soldate, gelei deur Duke William II van Frankryk (later
bekend as William the Conqueror),
binnegeval is.
King Edward the
Confessor het in Januarie 1066 gesterf. Toe Edward sterf was daar 'n onbehoorlike
geskarrel om die troon te eis. Daar was
drie aanspraakmakers; Harold Godwinson, graaf van Wessex, die Viking koning, Harald
III van Noorweë en William van Normandië. In Januarie 1066 was Harold Godwinson as
koning in ooreenstemming met Edward se testament, gekroon. Regeer: Januarie 5, 1066 - Oktober 14, 1066
(9 maande, 11 dae).
Nie William of Normandy of Harald of Norway was hieroor gelukkig
nie. Die
Noorweegse koning, Harald Hardrada, wat ondersteun is deur die nuwe Koning se
broer Tostig, het in September 1066
die noorde van Engeland binnegeval, maar Harold II het hom verslaan en gedood
op 25 September 1066. Binne dae daarna
het William the Conqueror in die
suide van Engeland geland.
Harold II het
‘n groot deel van sy weermag in die noorde agtergelaat en suid gegaan om vir
William te konfronteer. Op 14 Oktober is
hulle egter by die Slag van Hastings verslaan.
Harold fought nobly, and is said
to have slain many of the enemy with his own hand. At length an arrow pierced his brain, and he
fell, which threw his army into confusion.
The result was that the inhabitants of the south had no other
alternative but to acknowledge the Conqueror, and act submissively. (Jackson, Rowland: The town and township of Barnsley in
Yorkshire from an early period, London 1858.)
William the Conqueror (1066-1087)
het die eerste Normandiese koning van Engeland geword.
(Foster,
Joseph, Hon. M.A. Oxon: Some feudal
coats of arms, London, 1902)
The people of the
north and particularly of Yorkshire, … would not bow to the tyrant. (Jackson, Rowland: The town and township of Barnsley in
Yorkshire from an early period, London 1858.)
Alhoewel William se vernaamste teenstanders uit die weg was, het hy nog
steeds opstande oor die volgende paar jaar in die gesig gestaar en was sy troon
nie veilig tot na 1072 nie. Die Engels elite wat hulle teen hom verset het, se
gronde is gekonfiskeer en sommige van die elite
het in ballingskap gevlug. Daar was verskeie opstande oor die volgende vyf jaar, wat William as 'n
verskoning gebruik het om die grond te konfiskeer en dit as sy persoonlike
eiendom te verklaar. (William the Conqueror. Biography http://www.biography.com/people/william-the-conqueror-9542227)
Tosti Godwinson het vroeër, in opstand teen sy broer Koning Harold, op
Stamford Bridge gesterf. Edwin en
Waltheof het probeer om die nuwe regering te akkommodeer, maar het albei gou in
opstand gekom. Edwin en Waltheof is
uiteindelik vermoor en hul gronde is aan Normandiërs gegee. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of
the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the
Modern Period.) The important manor of Hallam with 16 berewicks was in the possession
of Earl Waltheof at the Conquest and probably until 1076, when the earl lost
his life for conspiring against the king.
His widow, Judith the countess,
who was niece to William I, was permitted to retain the manor, and at the time
of the Survey it was held of her by Roger de Busli, or Builli. Roger also held
the manor of Ecclesfield . In the
Wapentake of Strafford, to which division the honour of Tickhill has since been
added the hall was at Laughten-en-le-Morthen, and its Saxon lord was Edwin,
Earl of Mercia. (Rotherham Earl Waltheof . http://www.rotherhamweb.co.uk/h/waltheof.htm)
William the Conqueror moes twee rebellies in die noorde afweer, eers in 1068, toe in vroeg
1069. In die tweede rebellie van 1069
het die mense van York hul hekke vir 'n Viking weermag, om tot hulle redding te
kom, oopgemaak en het hulle die Anglo Saksiese prins Edgad de Aethling as hul
koning verklaar. Full of revenge, he (William) swore
… that a Northumbrian should not be left alive to stir in future
insurrections. Yorkshire was made
desolate by fire and sword. (Jackson,
Rowland: The town and township of
Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period, London 1858.) Toe die Conqueror
vir ‘n derde keer opruk na die noorde in
laat 1069, het sy weermag alles in hul pad gedood en vernietig. Hy het stelselmatig die platteland verwoes. Daar was geen perke aan sy wreedheid, sy
woede of die veroordeling van onskuldiges nie.
Almal was onderworpe aan dieselfde lot.
Met die vernietiging van gewasse, vee en plase van Yorkshire tot Durham,
het die oorlewende Anglo-Saksers die dood deur middel van hongersnood in die
gesig gestaar. (Newton, Richard: Wortley
through the ages. The History of the
Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of
the Ice Age to the Modern Period) He destroyed or seized all of the cattle,
crops, farming implements and the personal property of those who opposed him
for a distance of one hundred miles along the east coast and sixty miles
inland. The Conqueror pursued his favourite scorched earth policy and burnt
everything to the ground, the houses were reduced to ash; the cattle were
seized and driven away. Agricultural implements were destroyed, as were the
crops. The New Forest is a tragic example of
how life changed for the average English/Saxon after the Norman Conquest and it
illustrates the mentality of William the Conqueror who created the “New Forest”
for his own pleasure of hunting. He laid
waste fifty-two parishes, destroyed the villages and pulled down twenty-two
churches so that he could roam freely over “his” forest. If anyone was caught
poaching, which they had to do to live, they were punished very harshly for
example by castration, amputation, or blinding in one eye and were branded
“outlaws.” (Norman Conquest – Robin Hood
outlaw. http://www.robinhoodloxley.net/mycustompage0009.htm) Die herehuis van
Wortley het nie hierdie verwoesting ontsnap nie. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of
the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern
Period)
Die grond in Wortley was in twee dele: 500 hektaar ploeglande en 1800 hektaar weiding.
In Edward
the Confessor se tyd was die groter gebied se waarde veertig sjielings en die waarde van die kleiner deel,
tien sjielings. (Gatty, Alfred, rev., D.D. vicar of Ecclesfield, and sub, dean of
York: Wortley & the Wortleys - a
lecture delivered before the Sheffield literary and philosophical society also
the Rotherham literary and scientific society, 1877, Sheffield). Later het die Domes Day Survey aangedui dat die waarde van die kleiner deel agt
sjielings en agt pennies was, maar dat die groter gebied aangeteken is as Wasta (van geen waarde). (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages. The History of the Long Term Development of
the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the
Modern Period.)
William het kastele en militêre vestigings oor die hele land opgerig. Om sy nuwe koninkryk te beheer, het William groot
hoeveelhede eiendomme aan Normandiese baronne as beloning vir hulle rol in die
verowering van die Anglo-Saksiese koninkryk gegee. The King granted land to his Barons in exchange for
military service and the maintenance of law and order. This gave the King more
opportunity to increase his revenues. (http://www.towneley.org.uk/downloads/TTv4_web.pdf) William
the First divided conquered England into 700 great baronies and bestowed them
on those who had helped him, reserving to himself those lands that had belonged
to his predecessors, Edward the Confessor and Harold II. (Collins, Frances Ann: The Parish Registers of Kirkburton, Co. York,
1541-1654.1887. P. viii) Grawe, Baronne en ander persone het grond in ‘n transaksie bekend as enfeoffment, in ruil vir militêre diens gekry. Die person
wat feudal land direk vanaf die
koning gekry het, was bekend as ‘n tenant-in-chief.
In
feudal society, the king's barons held their lands `in fee' (feudum) from the
king, for an oath to him of loyalty and obedience, and with the obligation to
provide him with a fixed number of knights whenever these were required for
military service. (The text of Magna Carta Fordham University. http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.asp) Feudalism is where lords gave land to
vassals in exchange for protection and manorialism is where lords gave land to
serfs in exchange for food. (Answers.com)
Die grondtoekennings aan die tenant-in-chief
was persoonlik deur die Koning gemaak en kon ook deur die koning teruggetrek
word. Besides military service, feudal custom
allowed the king to make certain other exactions from his barons. In times of emergency, and on such special
occasions as the marriage of his eldest daughter, he could demand from them a
financial levy known as an `aid' (auxilium). When a baron died, he could demand
a succession duty or `relief' (relevium) from the baron's heir. If there was no
heir, or if the succession was disputed, the baron's lands could be forfeited
or `escheated' to the Crown. If the heir was under age, the king could assume
the guardianship of his estates, and enjoy all the profits from them-ven to the
extent of despoliation-until the heir came of age. The king had the right, if
he chose, to sell such a guardianship to the highest bidder, and to sell the
heir himself in marriage for such price as the value of his estates would
command. The widows and daughters of barons might also be sold in marriage.
With their own tenants, the barons could deal similarly. (The text of Magna Carta Fordham University.
http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.asp)
To be effective lordship had not only to be exercised, it had to be seen
to be exercised, and few tenants-in-chief could hope to govern all their
estates directly. Delegation of authority, the establishment of Norman tenants
on the ground, was therefore an essential element in the imposition of Norman
authority. (Dalton,
Paul: Feudal Politics in Yorkshire 1066
x 1154. A thesis submitted for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield. April 1990. P79)
Tenants-in-chiefs het van hulle gronde onderverdeel.
Heel eerste het die baronne knights voorsien, deur hulle landgoede in
kleiner stukke, wat as knights fees
beskryf is en waarvan die grootste en mees belangrikes as honours bekend gestaan het, op te deel en dit onder huurders wat as
knights kon dien te verdeel. (The text of Magna Carta Fordham University. http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.asp) The Barons in
turn were able to grant some of this land to others who could satisfy the
Barons' commitments to military service and help in administering justice
through the local Hundred courts (http://www.towneley.org.uk/downloads/TTv4_web.pdf)
Robert, Count of Mortain, was die
halfbroer van William the Conqueror. Nigel,
die vassal van die Earl of Mortaine, het saam met Richard
de Surdeval al sy Yorkshire grond gehou.
Hierdie Nigel was Nigel Fossard genoem.
Hy was die voorvader van die Lords
of Doncaster, wat al sy voorregte, tot en met die regeringstyd van koning
Henry V geniet het. The name of the Earls of Mortaine does not
afterwards appear, but the descendants of Nigel are represented as holding in
chief of the king, and were amongst the barons of the realm. Besides the manor and soke of
Doncaster, he had Rotherham, held of him by the family of Vesci . Nigel het altesaam 91
Yorkshire manors gehou. (Duchess of Cleveland: The Battle Abbey Roll, with some account of
the Norman Lineages. In three volumes.
London. 1889)
Ricardus het net so ‘n groot deel van die Morton
fee gehou. Sommige van die manors wat hy in die
suidelike deel van Yorkshire gehou het, was kort na sy dood in die hande van
William de Lovetot. Between most of those which he held in that
part of the county and the house of De
Lovetot there was some connexion. Those
manors were: Hutton-Paynel; Bilham;
Todwick; Houghton; Thurnscoe;
Whiston; hansworth; Treeton;
Aughton; Aston; Wales;
Ulley; Brampton; Pilley;
Tankersley; Wortley. (Hunter, Joseph: The History and Topography of the Parish of
Sheffield : with Historical and Descriptive Notices of the Parishes of
Ecclesfield, Hansworth, Treeton and Whiston, and of the Chapelry of Bradfield. London.
1819. Bl. 25) Met die Survey het Richard de Surdeval een en ‘n
halwe carucates in Pilley en ‘n carucate in Wortley vanaf die Count of Mortain gehou. (Farrer, William & Charles Travis Clay,
eds.: Early Yorkshire charters, Vol. 6,
The Paynel fee. Leeds: Yorkshire
Archaeological Society, 1939)
Onder diegene wat die Conqueror gevolg het, was daar min wat groter guns van hulle koninklike meester geniet het, as die Laci familie, wat ook in die geplunderde eiendom gedeel het. The plundered property must have been considerable, as it appears from Domesday that Ilbert (probably a vassal of Odo of Bayeaux), had one hundred and sixty-four manors in the counties of York, Lincoln, and Notts. He held his lands immediately of the King, which were confirmed to him by William in the tenth year of his reign. (Jackson, Roland: The history of the town and township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period. London. 1858). Die Normandiese Lord Ilbert De Laci het baie van die grond wat voor die Norman conquest aan die Sakson Ailric behoort het, ontvang.
Onder diegene wat die Conqueror gevolg het, was daar min wat groter guns van hulle koninklike meester geniet het, as die Laci familie, wat ook in die geplunderde eiendom gedeel het. The plundered property must have been considerable, as it appears from Domesday that Ilbert (probably a vassal of Odo of Bayeaux), had one hundred and sixty-four manors in the counties of York, Lincoln, and Notts. He held his lands immediately of the King, which were confirmed to him by William in the tenth year of his reign. (Jackson, Roland: The history of the town and township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period. London. 1858). Die Normandiese Lord Ilbert De Laci het baie van die grond wat voor die Norman conquest aan die Sakson Ailric behoort het, ontvang.
The Honour of
Pontefract by the end of the 14th century
De Laci, wat self op Pontefract gevestig was, het as tenant-in-chief
die hele Staincross en Osgodcross Wapentakes ontvang. Hierdie gebied van beheer is aangewys as die Honour of Pontefract. (The Honour of Pontefract, Yorkshire. http://www.midgleywebpages.com/honour.html). He gave the head of his fee
its name from the resemblance it bore to Pontfrete, his birthplace. (Jackson,
Roland: The history of the town and
township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period. London. 1858).
Die manors van Wortley, Pilley en Tankersley wat in die Staincross
Wapentake val, was onder sy besittings. Townships
(villages) held in the district by Ilbert de Laci were Penistone, Thurlstone, Denby,
Scissett, Skelmanthorpe, Clayton, Cawthorne, Silkstone, Chevet, Crofton,
Snydale, Whitwood, Heath, Altofts, Newlands, Carlton, Methley, East Ardsley,
Lofthouse, Middleton, Morley, Batley, Southowram, Elland, Greetland,
Heckmondwike, Mirfield, Nether Midgley, Over Midgley, Middleton, Thornhill,
Kirkheaton, Highburton (Birton), Deighton, Fixby, Bradley, Huddersfield,
Almondbury, Honley and Thong. (The
Honour of Pontefract, Yorkshire. http://www.midgleywebpages.com/honour.html)
Alle lesser lords van die
herehuise in hierdie gebied was subinfeuded
persone teenoor Ilbert De Laci. Historically a lord of the manor might be a
tenant-in-chief if he held a capital manor directly from the Crown; otherwise
he was a mesne lord if he did not hold
directly from the Crown, yet had his own tenants. Verdere subverdelings was moontlik tot op
die vlak van lord of a single manor. ‘n Mesne lord was dus ‘n lord wat verskeie manors gehad het
- tussen die lord of a manor en ‘n superior lord.
‘n Nuwe orde is nou
opgelê en terwyl 'n Anglo-Saxon toegelaat was om 'n herehuis wat voorheen sy
eie was te behou, was hy nou ondergeskik aan 'n buitelandse hoof. In die tyd van die Confessor het Ailrik ‘n
groot gedeelte van die grond in hierdie gedeelte van die land gehou. The line of Richard Aske, Ailric Fitz
Richard, Swain Fitz Ailric and Adam Fitz Swain de Bretton were English
aristocracy before the Norman Conquest and were, at that time, amongst the most
prominent land owners in the Yorkshire. (The first Brettons. http://www.bretton.org/the_first_brettons.htm)
The
pedigree and descendants of Ailric, Swein Adam FitzSwein evidenced by St.
John's Pontefract priory charters as given by Holmes in his Pontefract
Chartulary.
(http://www.midgleywebpages.com/aristocracy.html)
Ailrik was lord van die volgende plekke in die
middle van die 11de eeu - Birchworth, Cawthorn, Clayton, Cumberworth, Hoyland,
Hunshelf, Penistone, Pilley, Silkstone, Skelmanthorpe, Thurgoland, Thurlestone
en Wortley. Toe Ilbert de Laci dele van
sy gronde verdeel het, was Ailric een van die aansoekers en is hy aanvaar as
een van de Laci se huurders, maar hy het nie dieselfde hoeveelheid as wat hy
voor die Conquest gehad het, gekry nie.
It is rather singular that he should have succeeded to the property he had
previously held, if we take into consideration the estimation in which the
Saxons were held by the new-comers, and the treatment they received from them.
Ailric cannot have been actuated by the same spirit as the majority of the
Saxon chiefs, and the conferring of this favour upon him must have been in a great
measure owing to his peaceful disposition. (Jackson, Roland: The history of the town and township of
Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period. London. 1858)
The
forty townships of Staincross wapentake.
Elric en Ulsi was
gesamentlik die eienaars van Wortley uit die tyd van Edward the Confessor. Elric
het die groter gedeelte van Wortley, wat Tankersley insluit gehou; terwyl die
kleiner gedeelte onder die beheer van die honour
of Skipton geval het. (Gatty, Alfred, rev., D.D. vicar of Ecclesfield, and sub, dean of
York: Wortley & the Wortleys - a
lecture delivered before the Sheffield literary and philosophical society also
the Rotherham literary and scientific society, Sheffield. 1877) The
earliest known possessors of Wortley were Ulsi and Elric, two Saxon chiefs, in
the time of Edward the Confessor. After
the Conquest it was held of the king by Elric alone. (Timbs,
John: Abbeys, Castles, and Ancient Halls
of England and Wales. Their legendary
lore and popular history. Vol 3. London. P. 234; 2353 ) There were 4 additional carucates in Wortley held by Elric among the
lands of the king’s thegns (warriors);
these passed to the honour of Skipton, of which they were held by the
family of Fleming. (Farrer, William & Charles Travis Clay, eds.: Early Yorkshire charters, Vol. 6, The Paynel
fee. Leeds: Yorkshire Archaeological
Society, 1939)
Vrye eienaars het hul gronde vanaf subinfeuded
junior lords gehou. Die kleinboere
was aan die onderpunt van die Feodale stelsel en hulle moes gehoor gee aan
hulle local lord aan wie hulle ‘n eed
van gehoorsaamheid op die Bybel gesweer het.
Hierdie eed was dan outomaties gesien as ‘n eed aan die duke, earl of baron wat die
lord se eiendom besit het. (History
learning site – The lifestyle of medieval Peasants. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval_peasants.htm) Middeleeue kleinboere moes belastings en huur
betaal. Hy het huur aan sy lord betaal vir die gebruik van sy grond en hy het
belasting aan die kerk betaal wat as ‘n tithe
bekend gestaan het. Dit was 'n belasting
op alle plaasprodukte wat hy in daardie jaar geproduseer het. A tithe was 10% of the value of what he had
farmed. This may not seem a lot but it could make or break a peasant’s family
. Die kleinboer kon in kontant of in goedere
- sade, toerusting, ens. betaal. Die tithes was ‘n baie ongewilde belasting. The
church collected so much produce from this tax, that it had to be stored in
huge tithe barns. Kleinboere moes
ook die Kerk se gronde gratis bewerk. Dit was baie lastig omdat die kleinboere
hierdie tyd kon gebruik het om op hul eie grond te werk. However, the power of the church was such that no-one dared break this
rule as they had been taught from a very early age that God would see their
sins and punish them. (History
learning site – The lifestyle of medieval Peasants. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval_peasants.htm
Die Domesday survey is op bevel van die Conqueror gemaak, en die deel met betrekking tot Yorkshire is saamgestel gedurende die
1080’s. It was completed by the King’s justiciaries, who,
upon the oaths of the sheriffs, the lords of each manor, the priests of every
church, the reeves of every hundred, the bailiffs and six villeins, were to
inquire into the name of the person who held each manor in the time of the
Confessor, who was the present possessor, how many hides of land were in the
manor, how many carucates in demesne, how many homagers, or villeins, or
cottcirii, or servi, what free men, how many tenants in socage, the quantities
of wood, meadow, and pasture, what mills and fish ponds, how much added or
taken away, what the value in the Confessor’s time, what the present value, and
how much each freeman or socman had or has. This valuable record is in the Exchequer.
(Jackson, Roland: The history of
the town and township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period. London.
1858)
Die onderdane van William the Conqueror was in ‘n
magtige posisie in Yorkshire. Die
grootste meerderheid van die Anglo-Skandinawiese adel was of reeds onteien of
het ‘n afname in sosiale stand gely. Twentyfive continental magnates were in
possession of over 90% of the landed area of Yorkshire. And yet the estates described as being within
their control were mostly under-developed. Much of the county was apparently
characterized by low population and plough-team densities, and a large body of
estates were described as waste and recorded without resources or value. (Dalton,
Paul: Feudal Politics in Yorkshire 1066
x 1154. A thesis submitted for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield. April 1990. P.1.) The majority of the estates in the Yorkshire Domesday seem to convey the
fact that a waste holding had no population, no teams and no value in 1086. (Dalton, Paul:
Feudal Politics in Yorkshire 1066 x 1154. A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor
of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield. April 1990. P.4)
Daar is drie inskrywings vir Wortley in die Domesday record (1086).
In Wrleia, (Wortley) Elric had one manor of one carucate to be taxed,
and there may be one plough. Richard now
has there one plough; and three villanes
and three bordars with two ploughs. Wood
pasture half a mile long and half broad.
The whole manor one mile long and one broad. Value in King Edward’s time ten shillings,
now eight shillings and eight pence. (Bawdwen, William (Rev): Dom Boc: A Translation of the Record Called
Domesday, So Far as Relates to the county of York. Doncaster 1809. P 91)
II Manors. In Wirtleie (Wortley)
Ulsi and Ulric had four carucates of land to be taxed. Land to two ploughs. Elric now holds it of the King but it is
waste. Value in King Edward’s time forty
shillings. The wood pasture is one mile
long, and one broad. The whole two miles
long, and two broad. (Bawdwen,
William (Rev): Dom Boc: A Translation of
the Record Called Domesday, So Far as Relates to the county of York. Doncaster
1809. P 227)
In Wirlei (Wortley) the King, four carucates. In Wirlei (Wortley) Earl of Moreton, one
carucate. (Bawdwen,
William (Rev): Dom Boc: A Translation of
the Record Called Domesday, So Far as Relates to the county of York. Doncaster 1809. P 251)
Wortley; Staincross Hundred; West Riding area; Yorkshire county; Population 6 households (small), 3 villagers
and 3 smallholders; total tax assessed 5
geld units (large)
Taxable units:
Taxable value 4 geld units; Value: Value
to lord in 1066 £2; Ploughland: 2 ploughlands (land for); Other resources: Woodland 1 * 1
leagues;
Lords in 1066: Alric;
Ulf; Lord in 1086: Alric; Tenant-in-chief in 1086: Alric;
The size and distribution of the estates of the milites who appear in
Domesday Book tends to support a relationship between castle-guard and quotas.
Illustrating that they were usually enfeoffed on small plots of lordly demesne
land, or manorial outliers, of an amerage value of approximately £2 and
comprising an average of only two carucate. (Dalton, Paul: Feudal Politics
in Yorkshire 1066 x 1154. A thesis
submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of
Sheffield. April 1990. P. 102)
Na 1086 was daar steeds
voortgegaan om die Anglo-Skandinawiërs in die honour of Lacy van hulle eiendom te ontneem en hulle sosiaal te verlaag
tot onder-huurders. Hulle grond is
opgeneem in die lord se demesne
of her-toegeken aan Normandiese onderhoriges.
Within twelve years of the
Domesday survey tenants whose descendants were recorded in possession of 27 1/2
of the Lacy honour's 84 1/2 knights' fees in the military returns of 1166 had
been enfeoffed in Yorkshire.
(Dalton, Paul: Feudal Politics in
Yorkshire 1066 x 1154. A thesis
submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of
Sheffield. April 1990. P. 86)
Robert I de Laci, het sy pa opgevolg en sy uitgebreide
eiendom vast possessions is aan hom bekragtig confirmed deur die koning. (Jackson,
Roland: The history of the town and
township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period. London. 1858).
William the
Conqueror is deur sy seun Koning William II (r.1087-1100)
opgevolg. Sy jonger broer Koning Henry I (r.1100-1135)
het hom opgevolg, nadat William II kinderloos gesterf het. Koning Henry I se aanspraak op die troon was
teengestaan deur sy broer Robert Curthose.
Koning Henry en sy broer het ooreengekom om nie die volk in ‘n
burgeroorlog te dompel nie. The rival claims were compromised, and a reconciliation at
once effected — Robert agreeing to waive his right to the throne on being paid
annually a stipulated sum, and Henry promising to pardon all who had espoused
the cause of his brother. Net toe die land tot sy voormalige rustigheid teruggekeer het,
het Henry I besluit dat dit veiligste sou wees om ontslae te raak van diegene
wat deelgeneem aan sy broer Robert se aanspraak tot die troon. (Jackson, Roland:
The history of the town and township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an
early period. London. 1858).
Onder hierdie ongelukkige individue was Robert de Pontefract,
en sy seun Ilbert, wat uit die koninkryk verban is. (Jackson,
Roland: The history of the town and
township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period. London. 1858). Die koning
het, nadat hy vir Robert de Laci en sy seun verban het, die kasteel en honour of Pontefract aan Henry Traverse
gegee, wat hierdie voorregte slegs vir ‘n paar dae geniet het, voordat hy deur
sy diensknegte vermoor is. Hugh de la Yal
het dit hierna in besitting geneem
(1114-16). Na ‘n paar jaar van ballingskap was Robert de Laci toegelaat
om terug te keer na sy estates and
honours. (The De Laci Family
Estates
http://midgleywebpages.com/delacifamily.html ) Hy het na aan die einde van koning Henry I se
regeringstyd gesterf en is opgevolg deur sy seun Ilbert.
Koning Henry I was 'n groot bouer, beide van kastele en
kloosters. (Craik, George Lillie; McFarlane, Charles; Hamilton, Hans Claude: The Pictorial History of England: Being a
History of the People, as Well as a history of the kingdom vol. 1. London. 1838) In the
reign of Henry I, the king appears to have taken a direct interest in the
promotion of a new wave of monasticism throughout England. Between 1100 and 1135 sixty new Augustinian
houses were established throughout England, many of them in Yorkshire and
throughout the north. (Dalton, Paul:
Feudal Politics in Yorkshire 1066 x 1154. A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor
of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield.
April 1990. P. 109) Hy was opgevolg deur sy broerskind Stephen of
Blois, aangesien sy enigste seun in 1120 verdrink het. Ilbert de Laci was getrou aan Koning Stephen (r.1136-1154) (Jackson,
Roland: The history of the town and
township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period. London. 1858. . By the time King Henry I died in 1135, the
de Lacy family had regained their English lands and were loyal supporters of
his successor, King Stephen. (http://www.towneley.org.uk/downloads/TTv4_web.pdf)
A prerequisite (voorvereisde) of the rapid rise, after 1100, of the
administrative bureaucracy created from the military class by Henry I and Roger
of Salisbury (Roger het England regeer terwyl Henry in Normandië was) was the creation, during the tenth and
eleventh centuries, of Normandy’s ‘aristocracy’ from a group of men in ducal
service (hertogtelike diens) who were
often kinsmen or affines of the dukes they served. (Keats-Rohan, K.S.B.: Domesday People: A prosopography of persons occurring in
English documents 1066-1166 I. Domesday
book. 1999. P.75)
Die twaalfde-eeuse verandering in militêre diens,
van 'n persoonlike verpligting tot ‘n geldelike betaling monetary payment was in Engeland as die territorialization process bekend. Service became rooted in the
soil, so that by c.1166 it was the 'land which owed the service rather than the
knight. The problem in all this for the king was that the professional knights
with their limited estates were too poor to pay. The logical thing to do was to
shift the burden of obligation to the lords. (Dalton, Paul: Feudal Politics in Yorkshire 1066 x
1154. A thesis submitted for the Degree
of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield. April 1990.
P. 101)
Die 12de en 13de eeue was die tydperk waarin mense hulle vanne family toponymic surnames aangeneem het, kastele gebou het, godsdienstige huise religious houses gestig het en meer grond verlang het vir die
uitvoering van hul militêre dienste; dit
alles het die status van ridders verhoog. Soos die eeu gevorder het, het ridders van 'n
progressiewe laer sosiale status begin om soortgelyke praktyke te volg. These
were the attributes of men who saw themselves principally not as tenants but as
lords in their own right. (Dalton,
Paul: Feudal Politics in Yorkshire 1066
x 1154. A thesis submitted for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield. April 1990. P 259-260)
